Veranis reported in 2014 that the author studied area located in the central and eastern Chalkidiki peninsula and covers an area of 2,338 km2. Fractured aquifers are mainly located in fractured metamorphic, igneous rocks and rarely in carbonate rocks. They were classified as minor aquifers as they are not of highly productive. The springs located in the fractured rocks have supplies ranging from 0.5 to 5.0 m3/hr. and rarely from 10 to 25 m3/hr, while for those located in the carbonate rocks the supply ranges from 5 to 60 m3/hr. and mean value is 10 m3/hr. In the boreholes the average yield is 25 m3/hr. and varies from to 5 to 80 m3/hr., but the greatest part of the study area is characterized by low aquifer potential or even is waterless. The groundwater total consumption for drinking, irrigation and other purposes is 19 x 106 m3/yr, while the pumped and treated mine waters are 5.5 X 106 m3/yr. Common natural contaminants are Fe, Mn and occasionally F, As, SO4.
Previous hydrogeological studies include only certain parts of Chalkidiki (Manakos et al., 1998, Veranis and Meladiotis, 2005, Veranis et al. 2010a,b). In this study, the focus will be on the hydrogeological characteristics of the fractured aquifers hosted within the metamorphic and igneous rocks of the central and eastern Chalkidiki peninsula, but the author is also referring to the carbonate rocks aquifers which are occurred as intercalations in the metamorphic rocks.
The author assessed several types of data such as registrations of boreholes and springs, well-logs, pumping tests, water pressure tests, water discharge measurements from the springs and borehole yields, static water-level data and groundwater chemical analyses from previous unpublished studies carried out by the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (IGME) in the period 2004-2010. Well-logs information, water table level measurements and pumping test data also obtained from the Water Resources Department of Chalkidiki Prefecture. The landscape varies from coastal, hilly, semi-mountainous to mountainous with a sharp relief and a dense network of deep valleys and shears. The elevations range from 0 to 2027 m and the average altitude is 332 m. The streams are discharged occasionally and more often during the wet season of the hydrologic year and after intensive rainfalls in the dry season. For the longest time of the year runoff occurs in Chavrias and Olynthios rivers, as wells as in the streams Asprolakkas, Mavrolakkas, Cholomon rema, Megalo rema (Veranis et al. 2010b). According to CORINE, from the total area of 2,338 km2 , the cultivated and fallow lands cover 540,44 km2 (23,12 %). The forest, semi-forest and pastures areas are 1,766,9 km2 (75,57%), 30,01 km2 (1,28%) are covered by the settlements and 0.65 km2 (0.03 %) are water surfaces.
Geologically the study area, as referred to the geological maps of IGME (Kockel and Mollat, 1977), is built up of a variety of metamorphic and igneous rocks which belong to the Servomacedonian massif (Paleozoic or older age) and the Circum Rhodope belt (Mesozoic age). The most common rocks of Paleozoic age (>250 m.y.) are the two-mica gneisses, quartz-microcline gneisses, biotite gneisses, mica schists and amphibolites which are located in the central as well as in the eastern part of the area. Biotite gneisses with intercalations of marble horizons are also located in the eastern part. Metamorphic rocks of Mesozoic age (250-65 m.y.).
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