Bradford and Harve report that contamination of groundwater by enteric pathogens has commonly been associated with disease outbreaks. Proper management and treatment of pathogen sources are important prerequisites for preventing groundwater contamination. However, non-point sources of pathogen contamination are frequently difficult to identify, and existing approaches for pathogen detection are costly providing only semi-quantitative information. Microbial indicators that are readily quantified often do not correlate with the presence of pathogens. Pathogens of emerging concern and increasing detection of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens in groundwater are topics of growing concern.
Adequate removal of pathogens during soil passage is therefore critical for safe groundwater extraction. Processes that enhance pathogen transport (e.g., high velocity zones and preferential flow) and diminish pathogen removal (e.g., reversible retention and enhanced survival) are of special concern because they increase the risk of groundwater contamination, but are still incompletely understood. Improved theory and modeling tools are needed to analyze experimental data, test hypotheses, understand coupled processes and controlling mechanisms, predict spatial and or temporal variability in model parameters and uncertainty in pathogen concentrations, assess risk, and develop mitigation and best management approaches to protect groundwater.
This paper was written from the perspective of scientists concerned with predicting pathogen transport and fate in groundwater. However, the vast majority of published research on this topic has been conducted at the interface-, pore-, or column-scales. There is frequently a disconnection between findings deriving from laboratory-scale studies and the needs of stakeholders concerned with what happens at the field-scale. For example, drinking water utilities need to safely and cost-effectively provide water, etc.
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