Holley and 5 co-authors reported in late August 2025 that the US has sufficient geological endowment in active metal mines to reduce the nation’s dependence on critical mineral imports.
Demand is increasing for cobalt, nickel, rare earth elements, tellurium, germanium, and other materials used in energy production, semiconductors, and defense. This study uses a statistical evaluation of new geochemical datasets to quantify the critical minerals that are mined annually in US ores but go unrecovered.
Ninety percent recovery of by-products from existing domestic metal mining operations could meet nearly all US critical mineral needs; one percent recovery would substantially reduce import reliance for most elements evaluated. Policies and technological advancements can enable byproduct recovery, which is a resource-efficient approach to critical mineral supply that reduces waste, impact, and geopolitical risk.
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